Current Affairs

Birsa Munda Jayanti : Gaurav Janjatiya Diwas

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The Birsa Munda Jayanti is being celebrated on 15th of November every year. Birsa Munda was a tribal freedom fighter who played a major role in the Indian freedom struggle against the British colonial rule. Another important thing about this day is the State of Jharkhand was being formed on this day in the year 2000, and is known as Jharkhand foundation day. In 2021 the Government of India declared 15th November to commemorate the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda as Gaurav janjatiya Divas. His remarkable contributions, freedom struggle, social reforms and religious leadership will always be remembered by the youth.

Major contributions Of Birsa Munda

  1. Zamindari system – The British introduced zamindari system in which they kept the ancestral land of the land of the tribals, forcing them into bonded labours. They also used to trap the people in heavy debts. Birsa further opposed them by declining them to pay any taxes or heavy interest charged by landlords and British government.
  2. Birsait religion – He propogated the birsait religion which gave them a strong sense of identity and purpose
  3. Liquor reject – He inspired tribals to reject liquor and superstitions which weakened their resistance to exploitation

More about Birsa Munda

  1. Birth and Family:
    • Born on November 15, 1875, in Ulihatu village (present-day Khunti district, Jharkhand).
    • He belonged to the Munda tribe, a major tribal community in the Chotanagpur Plateau region.
  2. Education:
    • Birsa attended a mission school run by Christian missionaries, where he was exposed to Western education and culture.
    • He was briefly converted to Christianity and renamed Birsa David, but he later rejected it after realizing the missionaries’ role in exploiting tribal communities.
    • Influenced by the Vaishnav movement, he learned about Hinduism and tribal spiritual beliefs.

Commemorations

  1. Statues and Memorials:
    • Numerous statues of Birsa Munda are found in Jharkhand and other parts of India.
    • The Birsa Munda Airport in Ranchi is named after him.
  2. Jharkhand Formation Day:
    • November 15, Birsa’s birth anniversary, is also celebrated as Jharkhand Foundation Day, as the state was formed on this date in 2000.
  3. Janjatiya Gaurav Divas:
    • In 2021, the Indian government declared his birth anniversary as Tribal Pride Day to honor his contributions and celebrate tribal heritage.
  4. In Popular Culture:
    • Several books, plays, and movies have been made about his life and struggle.
    • Birsa Munda’s legacy is taught in schools, especially in tribal-dominated regions.
Birsa Munda

Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908

The Chotanagpur Tenancy (CNT) Act, 1908 is a landmark legislation enacted to protect the land rights of tribal communities in the Chotanagpur region (present-day Jharkhand) from exploitation by non-tribals and moneylenders. It was a direct result of tribal uprisings, especially the Munda Rebellion (Ulgulan) led by Birsa Munda.

Key Objectives of the Act

  1. Protect Tribal Land:
    • The Act was designed to prevent the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals.
    • It sought to secure the land ownership rights of the Adivasis (tribals) in their ancestral lands.
  2. Regulate Land Transactions:
    • Prohibit the sale, purchase, or lease of tribal land to outsiders (non-tribals) without proper approval.
  3. Address Exploitation:
    • Curb the exploitation of tribals by moneylenders, landlords, and colonial authorities.
    • Ensure that tribals were not evicted from their lands due to debt or unpaid taxes.

Provisions of the CNT Act

  1. Restrictions on Land Transfer:
    • Tribal land could only be sold or transferred to another tribal person of the same community.
    • Any land transfer to non-tribals required the permission of the Deputy Commissioner.
  2. Restoration of Alienated Lands:
    • Land wrongfully taken from tribals was to be restored to its rightful owners.
  3. Protection Against Exploitation:
    • The Act provided legal protection to prevent the exploitation of tribal landowners by non-tribals and moneylenders.
  4. Agricultural and Forest Lands:
    • The Act also classified different types of land (agricultural, forest, etc.) and specified their use to prevent misuse.
Birsa Munda Jayanti : Gaurav Janjatiya Diwas

Impact of the CNT Act

  1. Safeguarding Tribal Rights:
    • The Act became a critical tool for safeguarding tribal land rights and curbing the exploitation of tribal communities in the Chotanagpur region.
  2. Resistance Against Land Grabbing:
    • It served as a legal framework to resist land acquisition by outsiders, landlords, and industrialists.
    • It gave tribal communities a sense of security and ownership over their ancestral lands.
  3. Limited Implementation:
    • Despite its provisions, the Act faced challenges in enforcement.
    • Powerful non-tribals and industrial interests often found loopholes to acquire tribal lands, leading to continued struggles by tribal communities.

Challenges and Controversies

  1. Loopholes and Violations:
    • Over time, there were multiple violations of the Act due to corruption and manipulation of legal provisions.
    • Tribals continued to face displacement due to mining, industrialization, and infrastructure projects.
  2. Amendments and Protests:
    • The Act has been amended several times to accommodate development projects, which often sparked protests from tribal communities.
    • Tribals fear that amendments dilute the Act’s protective provisions and lead to further displacement.
  3. Conflict Between Development and Rights:
    • The CNT Act has often been at the center of debates over balancing tribal land rights with economic development.

Relevance Today

  • The CNT Act remains one of the most significant legislations for the protection of tribal rights in India.
  • It continues to be invoked in land disputes and to prevent the alienation of tribal lands.
  • However, its effectiveness depends on proper implementation and the political will to uphold tribal interests.

Sharda Sinha

COP 16 : Conference Of Parties

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The acronym refers to the 16th session of conference of parties, of the united nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC). The main target of UNFCCC was to address the global problems relating to climate specifically the effects of global warming on an international level. To bring the countries together with better coordination and cooperation and to address the problems, set targets and to monitor the achievements COP was formed. COP 16 was successfully organized after the failure of COP 15. The venue of COP 16 was Cancun, Mexico.

Key Highlights of COP 16

  1. The Cancun Agreements:
    • Temperature Goal: COP 16 established an objective of limiting global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. It also recognized the potential need to consider limiting warming to 1.5°C, especially for vulnerable countries, including small island nations that face severe risks from sea-level rise.
    • Emissions Reduction Commitments: While COP 16 did not deliver a binding global treaty, it saw numerous countries commit to voluntary emissions reduction targets and pledges. These commitments were logged as part of the agreements, representing a step towards global accountability.
  2. Green Climate Fund (GCF):
    • The GCF was designed to financially assist developing countries in mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (preparing for and minimizing climate impacts).
    • Funding Goal: Developed countries agreed to a goal of mobilizing $100 billion annually by 2020, with funds sourced from both public and private sectors.
    • The GCF has since become one of the primary channels for climate finance, though there have been ongoing challenges in meeting funding targets.
  3. REDD+ Mechanism:
    • REDD+ aims to address deforestation and forest degradation, which are significant sources of global emissions, particularly in developing countries.
    • The Cancun Agreements established safeguards to ensure that REDD+ programs respect the rights of indigenous people, contribute to biodiversity conservation, and uphold environmental integrity.
  4. Technology Transfer:
    • The creation of a Technology Mechanism was intended to support the development and transfer of environmentally sound technologies.
    • This mechanism included the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), tasked with enhancing cooperation and facilitating technology access for developing nations.
  5. Adaptation Framework:
    • COP 16 highlighted adaptation as an equal priority to mitigation, which was particularly important for countries most vulnerable to climate impacts, such as droughts, floods, and storms.
    • The Cancun Adaptation Framework was established to assist countries in developing their resilience and adaptive capacity through technical and financial support.
  6. MRV (Measurement, Reporting, and Verification):
    • One of the most challenging aspects of international climate agreements is ensuring that all countries report and verify their climate actions transparently.
    • COP 16 introduced guidelines for MRV systems, creating a pathway for future accountability mechanisms under the UNFCCC.

key acronyms related to COP 16:

  1. COP – Conference of the Parties
  2. UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  3. GCF – Green Climate Fund
  4. REDD+ – Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (with “+” for conservation, sustainable management, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks)
  5. MRV – Measurement, Reporting, and Verification
  6. CTCN – Climate Technology Centre and Network
  7. IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  8. NDC – Nationally Determined Contribution

About UNFCCC

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty, adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, with the main objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere to prevent dangerous human-caused interference with the climate system. The UNFCCC laid the foundation for international efforts to address climate change, bringing countries together to negotiate, set targets, and monitor progress in limiting global temperature rise.

COP 16 : Conference Of Parties

Objectives of the UNFCCC

The treaty’s primary objectives are:

  • Prevent Dangerous Climate Change: The UNFCCC aims to stabilize GHG concentrations in the atmosphere to prevent severe impacts on the climate.
  • Promote Sustainable Development: The convention emphasizes that actions to combat climate change should also support economic development, especially in developing countries.
  • Global Equity and Responsibility: It adheres to the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RC), recognizing that developed nations have historically contributed more to climate change and thus bear greater responsibility in addressing it.

Structure and Components

  1. Conference of the Parties (COP): The COP is the governing body of the UNFCCC, where signatory nations (called Parties) meet annually to assess progress, update goals, and negotiate climate agreements. Each COP results in an outcome document with decisions, commitments, and guidelines.
  2. Annexes Under the Convention:
    • Annex I: Developed countries and economies in transition (such as countries in Eastern Europe). These nations have stronger emissions reduction commitments.
    • Annex II: A subset of Annex I countries, primarily wealthy, developed nations, that are also expected to provide financial and technological support to developing countries.
    • Non-Annex I: Developing countries, with fewer obligations to reduce emissions but often the most vulnerable to climate impacts.
  3. Key Protocols and Agreements:
    • Kyoto Protocol: Adopted in 1997, this was the first legally binding agreement under the UNFCCC, mandating developed countries to reduce their GHG emissions. It set binding targets for 37 industrialized countries but excluded developing countries.
    • Paris Agreement: Adopted at COP 21 in 2015, it marked a significant shift, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2°C, with efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. The Paris Agreement introduced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), where each country submits voluntary climate action plans that are updated every five years.
  4. Financial Mechanisms:
    • Green Climate Fund (GCF): Established to help finance mitigation and adaptation efforts in developing countries, with a target of $100 billion annually by 2020.
    • Global Environment Facility (GEF): Supports projects related to climate action, biodiversity, and other environmental areas.
  5. Technology and Capacity-Building:
    • Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN): Facilitates technology transfer and helps developing countries access climate-friendly technologies.
    • Capacity-Building Programs: Aimed at strengthening the ability of countries to implement climate actions effectively.

General knowledge Mock Test

Prime Minister Internship Scheme: 2024

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India being the highest and the most populated country in the world, recently received the #1 rank in the population index. So with the rise in population employment plays a major role as there is an imbalance between people employed and unemployed. Various skill programs were also being introduced by the state as well as center on their own level, to impart the practical training to the youth that would help them to yield the employment and earning opportunities. One of those schemes the Modi government has recently launched the PM internship scheme, an initiative by the Government of India to skill the unskilled. There are certain parameters which should be considered before applying for the program.

1. Objective and Purpose

  • The scheme is designed to provide students and recent graduates with hands-on experience in various government departments, contributing to policy-making, program implementation, and public administration.
  • It aims to build a talent pool that can support and contribute to nation-building efforts, while also enabling young individuals to understand and appreciate the intricacies of government work.

2. Eligibility Criteria

  • Education: The scheme is generally open to final-year undergraduate students, postgraduate students, or those who have recently completed their degrees. Some programs may also accept doctoral candidates depending on the nature of the internship.
  • Age Limit: Applicants are typically required to be under a certain age (often around 25–30 years), but this may vary.
  • Nationality: Most PM Internship schemes are open only to Indian citizens.

3. Application Process

  • The internship program announcements are generally made on official government websites, such as the Ministry of Education or NITI Aayog portals, or through the National Career Service (NCS) platform.
  • Online Application: Applicants usually need to apply online by filling out a detailed application form, uploading academic records, a resume, and often a statement of purpose outlining their interest in the internship.
  • Screening Process: Some programs may require shortlisted candidates to undergo a selection process, which can include interviews or assessments.

4. Duration and Location

  • Internships may range from 2 months to 6 months, though certain programs might extend up to a year depending on the department’s needs.
  • Interns are often placed in different central ministries, government offices, or research institutions in New Delhi, though some may also have options for remote work depending on the assignment.

5. Stipend and Benefits

  • Stipend: While not all internships offer a stipend, many PM internship schemes provide a modest stipend to help cover living expenses.
  • Certificates: Upon successful completion of the program, interns usually receive a certificate from the government body overseeing their internship.
  • Networking and Mentorship: Interns have the chance to work under senior government officials, which provides networking opportunities and the possibility of mentorship.

6. Internship Structure

  • Orientation and Training: Most programs start with an orientation or introductory session to help interns understand their roles, department objectives, and the project at hand.
  • Project Work: Interns are typically assigned specific projects which may include research tasks, data analysis, field visits, policy evaluation, or assistance in drafting reports and recommendations.
  • Workshops and Seminars: Some programs organize workshops and seminars, providing interns with further training and exposure to various aspects of governance and policy-making.

7. Departments and Opportunities

PM Internship Scheme
  • Interns may be assigned to work in ministries like the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, NITI Aayog, or even in the Prime Minister’s Office.
  • Depending on their field of study, interns may be involved in urban development projects, digital initiatives, education policies, health schemes, environmental assessments, or other areas of national interest.

8. Evaluation and Feedback

  • Interns might need to submit a project report or final presentation at the end of their internship, reflecting on their contributions and learnings.
  • Performance evaluations by supervisors are common, providing feedback on areas like professionalism, dedication, and impact on project outcomes.

9. Application Timeline

  • Internship announcements are often posted in the first quarter of the year (Jan–Mar), with application deadlines typically around March-April for summer internships, though timelines may vary.
  • Interested candidates should frequently check government portals like NITI Aayog’s website, MyGov, or National Career Service (NCS) for official announcements.

10. Future Opportunities

  • Completing the PM Internship can enhance a candidate’s resume and open doors to other government-related roles, fellowships, or positions in NGOs, international organizations, or research institutions.
  • Many interns leverage the experience and network gained through the program to advance in fields like policy research, civil services, international relations, and development sectors.

BRICS

Donald Trump : President of USA 2024

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The elections for the President of US was between Donald Trump and kamala Harris in which Donald Trump declared his victory and will be now serving as the 47th President of United States of America (USA). Trump won more democratic votes than Kamala Harris. During the election canvassing he promised to make efforts to stop the on going Russia Ukraine war within a day. Trump also pledged to heal the country and and bring a golden age to to the US. Trump is all set to return to the white house after a long gap of five years for the last election in which he lost against Joe Biden in 2017.

More about Donald Trump

Donald J. Trump is a prominent American businessman, television personality, and politician who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Born on June 14, 1946, in Queens, New York City, Trump built a career in real estate, particularly with the Trump Organization, and became known for high-profile properties and branding ventures. He gained further fame through his role as the host of the television show “The Apprentice” from 2004 to 2015.

Early Life and Business Career

Donald Trump
  • Family Background: Trump is the fourth of five children of Fred and Mary Trump. His father, Fred Trump, was a successful real estate developer in New York.
  • Education: Trump attended Fordham University for two years before transferring to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated with a degree in economics in 1968.
  • Business Ventures: After joining the Trump Organization, he expanded the family’s real estate business, acquiring properties in Manhattan and later expanding to other ventures, including casinos, golf courses, and branded products.

Presidential Career (2017-2021)

  • Election: Trump ran for president as a Republican in 2016, defeating Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton.
  • Policies: His administration focused on tax cuts, deregulation, immigration reform, a conservative judiciary, and “America First” trade and foreign policies.
  • Impeachments: Trump was impeached twice by the U.S. House of Representatives—first in 2019 on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and again in 2021 for incitement of insurrection following the January 6 Capitol riot. He was acquitted both times by the Senate.

Kamala Harris

Kamala Harris is the 49th Vice President of the United States and the first woman, first Black, and first South Asian person to hold the office. Born on October 20, 1964, in Oakland, California, she has a notable career in law and public service. Harris previously served as a U.S. Senator from California and as the state’s Attorney General.

Early Life and Education

  • Family Background: Harris was born to immigrant parents; her mother, Shyamala Gopalan, was a cancer researcher from India, and her father, Donald Harris, is an economist from Jamaica.
  • Education: Harris attended Howard University, a historically Black university, where she earned a degree in political science and economics. She later obtained her law degree from the University of California, Hastings College of the Law.

Legal and Political Career

  • District Attorney of San Francisco: Harris began her career as a prosecutor and became the District Attorney of San Francisco in 2004. During her tenure, she implemented reforms such as initiatives to reduce recidivism but also faced criticism for her approach to certain cases.
  • Attorney General of California: Elected as California’s Attorney General in 2010, Harris was the first woman and first person of color to hold the role. She focused on issues like environmental justice, marriage equality, and criminal justice reform.
  • U.S. Senator: In 2016, Harris won a seat in the U.S. Senate, becoming the second Black woman to serve in the Senate. Her tenure in the Senate focused on issues such as healthcare, criminal justice reform, and immigration.

Vice Presidency (2021-Present)

  • Election: Harris was chosen as Joe Biden’s running mate in the 2020 election, making her the first woman of color on a major party’s presidential ticket. They won, and she was sworn in as Vice President on January 20, 2021.
  • Role and Initiatives: As Vice President, Harris has been tasked with handling issues like immigration policy, voting rights, and women’s rights. She has often represented the U.S. in diplomatic functions and meetings with international leaders.

Key Achievements and Significance

Harris’s career is marked by several “firsts,” breaking significant barriers in U.S. politics. She remains a highly influential figure, particularly in discussions around race, gender, and justice reform. Harris has played a significant role within the Biden administration and remains a focal point for future Democratic leadership.

American War Of Independence, BRICS Currency

BRICS Currency

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BRICS is the acronym used for the association of five countries that initially formed BRICS namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The 2024(16th) meet of BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia, marked a significant change for the block as it was the first summit after BRICS included the six new member countries. Discussing the points of economic trade, cooperation, the event proposed for a common currency for the member nations to use as a medium of exchange and reduce the dominance of dollar in international trade. Dollar being the worldwide currency used as a medium of exchange dominates the international market all the transactions earlier were being done in US dollars. So to prevent the fluctuation of currency and the losses incurred, BRICS currency is being introduced for the member countries. The new member counties that joined BRICS are Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.

More about BRICS

BRICS is currently headquartered in Shanghai, China. Earlier the association was BRIC in the early 2000s when South-Africa was not a part for them. The term “BRIC” was first coined by economist Jim O’Neill where he highlighted the potential economic growth of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. He predicted that these countries would become major players in the global economy. The first official BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia, in June 2009. The leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China met to discuss economic cooperation, global governance reform, and strategies for addressing the financial crisis of 2008. South Africa was invited to join the group, and BRIC officially became BRICS. The inclusion of South Africa (in 2010) aimed to represent the African continent and enhance the bloc’s global influence.

Member countries

BRICS represents a systematic association of emerging economies that will contribute to the substantial share of the world’s population and GDP. The BRICS nation also launched the new development bank (NDB) in 2014,headquartered in Shanghai, China. The bank aims to support public and private projects through loans, providing an alternative to Western-dominated financial institutions. The new member countries and their key highlights are are discussed below:

  1. Brazil: The largest country in South America, Brazil is known for its agricultural exports, rich natural resources, and diverse economy.
  2. Russia: A major player in global energy markets, Russia possesses vast natural resources, particularly oil and gas, and plays a significant role in international security.
  3. India: With a rapidly growing economy, India is one of the largest markets in the world, driven by a young population and a burgeoning technology sector.
  4. China: The second-largest economy globally, China is a manufacturing powerhouse and a significant investor in infrastructure projects worldwide.
  5. South Africa: The only African member, South Africa plays a crucial role in representing the continent’s interests and is a key player in regional and global affairs.
  6. New Members (2023):
    • Argentina: An important agricultural exporter with potential for economic growth.
    • Egypt: A key player in North Africa and the Arab world, with a strategic location.
    • Ethiopia: One of the fastest-growing economies in Africa, with a young population.
    • Iran: A major oil producer with strategic importance in the Middle East.
    • Saudi Arabia: The largest oil exporter in the world, influential in global energy markets.
    • United Arab Emirates: A significant financial and trade hub in the Middle East.

Key Institutions

  • New Development Bank (NDB): Founded in 2014, the NDB provides loans for infrastructure and sustainable development projects within BRICS and other developing countries. Headquartered in Shanghai, China, the NDB is sometimes viewed as an alternative to institutions like the World Bank.
  • BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): This arrangement, established in 2015, is a financial safety net that offers support to BRICS members during periods of economic instability, helping them manage liquidity and balance of payment crises.

More Details About: American War Of Independence

A Severe Cyclonic Storm (DANA) : October 2024

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Cyclone Dana is approaching the coasts of Odisha and West Bengal, with landfall expected between Bhitarkanika National Park and Dhamra Port in Odisha on the morning of October 25, 2024. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has warned of heavy rainfall and wind speeds reaching 120 km/h, prompting extensive evacuations of nearly 1 million people from vulnerable coastal regions..

Cyclone Dana

Flight operations at Kolkata and Bhubaneswar airports have been suspended until Friday morning. Schools in coastal areas have been closed, and several train services have been canceled in anticipation of the cyclone. Relief shelters are being prepared with essential supplies like food, water, and medical facilities.

Authorities in Odisha and West Bengal, along with the Coast Guard and disaster response forces, are on high alert to manage the situation. The IMD predicts heavy to very heavy rainfall across several districts, including Puri, Balasore, and South 24 Parganas, with some areas expected to receive over 30 cm of rain.

A Severe Cyclonic Storm, (DANA) very likely to affect South Bengal districts during 24-25OCT’2024. Affected districts- Purba Medinipur, South 24 Parganas, Pashchim Medinipur, Jhargram, Bankura, Howrah, Hooghly, Kolkata, North 24 Paraganas. Heavy Rain.

What is Cyclone:

A cyclone is a large-scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. It forms over warm ocean waters, typically in tropical or subtropical regions, and is associated with intense winds, heavy rain, and thunderstorms. The terms hurricane, typhoon, and cyclone are used interchangeably based on the region:

  • Hurricanes occur in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific.
  • Typhoons occur in the Northwest Pacific.
  • Cyclones occur in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.

Formation of a Cyclone:

  1. Warm Ocean Waters: The sea surface must be at least 26.5°C to provide energy for the storm.
  2. Low-Pressure System: Warm air rises, creating a low-pressure center.
  3. Coriolis Effect: Earth’s rotation causes the air to spin, leading to the cyclone’s characteristic spiral.

Structure of a Cyclone:

  • Eye: A calm, low-pressure center.
  • Eye Wall: Surrounding the eye, it contains the most intense winds and rain.
  • Rain Bands: Outer spirals of clouds producing heavy showers and thunderstorms.

Categories:

Cyclones are classified by wind speed:

  • Tropical Depression: Winds <62 km/h.
  • Tropical Storm: Winds between 63-117 km/h.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm/Hurricane/Typhoon: Winds ≥118 km/h, with additional categories for the strongest systems.

Cyclones can cause severe damage through storm surges, heavy rainfall leading to floods, and destructive winds. Preparations such as evacuations and securing buildings are crucial to minimize impacts when cyclones approach land.

Multipurpose River Valley Projects

Lady of Justice

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In an era of women empowerment and feminism, a step taken by Current Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud, to unveil a new statue of the “Women of justice”, showcasing some major changes from the earlier one. The women of justice is now holding the book of constitution in her hands replacing sword from the earlier one, in her other hand there is a measuring scale which earlier was unequal and the new one is equal that implies that law and justice is equal for every person without any discrimination on any basis, and the blindfold is now no more over there symbolizing that the law is no more blind, the law is equal, transparent and powerful for every citizen of the country. This would be one of the most memorable step taken by CJI DY Chandrachud. Though he has a history of outstanding career in the field of judiciary but the vision behind unveiling the new statue would change the definition of justice for generations. DY Chandrachud nominates the new CJI to be Justice Sanjiv Khanna who will hold the charge from 11th November 2024 following the retirement of DY Chandrachud on 10th November 2024.

About DY Chandrachud

Justice Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud (D.Y. Chandrachud) is the 50th Chief Justice of India (CJI). He assumed office on November 9, 2022, following the retirement of his predecessor, Justice U.U. Lalit. Born on November 11, 1959, he is the son of Y.V. Chandrachud, the longest-serving Chief Justice of India, making them the only father-son duo to hold the CJI position.

Academic Career:

  • Education: He completed his B.A. with Honors in Economics from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi University, and went on to earn a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree from Delhi University. He later pursued a Master of Laws (LL.M.) and a Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) from Harvard Law School.
  • Legal Career: Before being appointed as a judge, Chandrachud practiced as an advocate in the Supreme Court and the Bombay High Court. He was also a senior advocate and served as the Additional Solicitor General of India from 1998 to 2000.

Landmark Judgements

Justice DY Chandrachud is well known for his progressive judgements and impressive personality, some of the major judgements are as follows:

  1. Right to privacy (2017) – Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India – DY Chandrachud was the part of the 9 judge bench that declared the Right to Privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution. The issue arised at the time when biometrics were used to make aadhar card. The details used to make an individuals aadhar card used thumb and fingerprints with iris scanning which was a violation of privacy, and it was demanded that be aadhar constitutional but the rules for it should be regulated and a barrier should be there explaining the extent to which the government can collect the personal data. And in the judgement the “Right to privacy” was made a fundamental right in 2017.

2. Sabrimala Case (2019) – Indian Young Lawyers Association vs. State of Kerala – In the Sabrimala temple of Kerela, earlier the women’s between the age of 10 to 50 years of were banned from entering the temple considered impure for being menstruating. DY Chandrachud argued that the exclusion of women violated their right to equality and dignity under the Constitution. After the judgement worms were too allowed to enter and worship in Sabrimala temple. The step will be remembered especially by all the ladies of Kerela.

3. Ayodhya case (2019) – M. Siddiq (D) vs. Mahant Suresh Das and others (Ayodhya case) – Justice Chandrachud was a part of five judge bench that delivered the final verdict on Ayodhya Ram Mandir and Babri Masjid case in Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh. The case took a long time for the disputed land making controversy throughout the country, the hindu’s believed that it was the birth place of lord rama and the muslim’s claimed it to be the masjid built by mugals. The ayodhya verdict is considered to be the most historic and politically challenged dispute. The supreme court balanced the sentiments of both and allowed some other alternative land for the mosque to be built.

4. Live Streaming of court proceedings (2018)- Swapnil Tripathi vs. Supreme Court of India – Justice Chandrachud supported the decision considering the various benefits like more transparency in law proceedings, benefit for law students, trust in judiciary , trust of people in justice. Although there were certain challenges for the same like misuse of any information by media, privacy related cases or certain cases related to minors, technical issues and internet connectivity. Considering all the positive and negative impacts of the Supreme court of India initiated live streaming of some important cases followed by High court such as Gujrat high court.

Sanjiv Khanna to be the new Chief Justice Of India

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One of the most popular name that comes to the mind of every Indian while talking about the law, justice and order is Chief Justice DY Chandrachud. Justice Chandrachud announced his retirement in the month of November 2024. Justice Sanjeev Khanna will now succeed DY Chandrachud and will hold the position of Chief Justice of India till 13th May 2025, upon reaching the mandatory age of retirement. Justice Sanjiv Khanna will take the hold of the position on 10th November 2024. There are remarkable contributions made by DY Chandrachud in his legal career and judiciary, for which he will be a role model for the future generations. While talking about Justice Sanjeev Khanna has a very strong and remarkable achievements in the field of law. He hails from a family of lawyers and his uncle Justice Hans Raj Khanna, is known for his historic dissent in the ADM Jabalpur vs Shivkant Shukla case during the Emergency period in India. 51th Chief Justice of India.

About Justice Sanjiv Khanna

Justice Sanjiv Khanna, born on May 14, 1960, hails from a distinguished legal family. His father, Justice Dev Raj Khanna, served on the Delhi High Court, and his uncle, Justice Hans Raj Khanna, is known for his historic dissent in the ADM Jabalpur vs Shivkant Shukla case during the Emergency period in India. This background significantly influenced Justice Sanjiv Khanna’s career and values in the judiciary.

Justice Khanna pursued his education at Modern School, Delhi, and graduated from the University of Delhi, following which he obtained his law degree from the same institution. He began his legal career by enrolling as an advocate with the Delhi Bar Council in 1983. Initially, he practiced in Delhi’s district courts before moving to the Delhi High Court, where he handled cases across a range of legal fields, including constitutional law, taxation, arbitration, and more.

He was appointed an additional judge of the Delhi High Court in 2005 and became a permanent judge in 2006. His work in the Delhi High Court included key administrative roles, such as overseeing the Delhi Judicial Academy and the Delhi International Arbitration Centre.

In January 2019, Justice Khanna was elevated to the Supreme Court, bypassing the position of chief justice of a high court. His tenure in the Supreme Court has been notable for several landmark cases, including those concerning the Electoral Bond Scheme and the repeal of Article 370, among others. He has also been an advocate for legal services, serving as the chairman of the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee and the executive chairman of the National Legal Services Authority​.

The ADM Jabalpur vs. Shivkant Shukla case

The ADM Jabalpur vs. Shivkant Shukla case commonly referred to as “Habeas corpus case” is one of the most controversia; case in the judiciary of Indian constitution. It refers to the time when Emergency rule was imposed by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during (1975-1977). Habeas corpus is the Latin term meaning “you shall have the body”. It is the legal principal or writ that states to protect the individual’s right to freedom and unlawful detention. At the time of Emergency imposed in India, the fundamental rights of individual’s are withdrawn and people can not file any legal action or we can say no other rights that are given in the constitution are applicable at that particular point of time.

Justice HR Khanna played a crucial role during this period opposing the National Emergency, by saying that the fundamental rights were inherent and cannot be take away by any individual even at the time of national crisis. The ADM Jabalpur judgment was heavily criticized for siding with authoritarianism during the Emergency and for the judiciary’s failure to protect fundamental rights. The decision led to public outrage and is considered one of the darkest moments in Indian judicial history. After the Emergency was lifted in 1977, the 44th Amendment to the Constitution was passed, ensuring that Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty) could not be suspended even during an Emergency. Justice Khanna’s dissent has since been regarded as one of the greatest dissents in Indian judicial history. In fact, in 2017, the Supreme Court in a later judgment (the Puttaswamy case, dealing with the right to privacy) officially overruled the ADM Jabalpur decision, acknowledging the importance of civil liberties and reaffirming the protection of fundamental rights.

Key differences between President’s Rule and national Emergency

AspectPresident’s Rule (Article 356)National emergency (Article 352)
ReasonBreakdown of constitutional machinery in a stateThreats like war, external aggression, or armed rebellion
Effects on GovernmentState government suspended/dissolvedState governments continue, but with curtailed powers
DurationMaximum of 3 years (with conditions)
Can be extended indefinitely with parliamentary approval
Suspension of Fundamental RightsNo suspension of fundamental rightsCan suspend fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21)
Scope
Imposed in a specific state
Imposed across the whole country or part of it

Historical Instances:

  • National Emergency has been declared three times:
    1. 1962 (during the India-China war),
    2. 1971 (during the India-Pakistan war),
    3. 1975 (by Indira Gandhi, citing internal disturbance, which led to the suspension of civil liberties).
  • President’s Rule has been used many times in various states when there has been political instability, failure of governance, or law and order breakdown.

World Food day 2024

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World food day is observed on 16th October 2024, it emphasizes the importance of food all around the globe. This day, celebrated annually, is organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations to raise awareness about global hunger, food security, and sustainable agricultural practices. The theme for world food day 2024 is “Water is life, water is food. Leave no one behind.” The World food day reminds us about the importance of food in the lives of not only human beings but also all the living creatures. Food is the basic necessity of human life, and no once can survive without it. The importance of food is being recognized from different idioms to the famous economist Abraham Maslow in his theory of Maslow’s need of hierarchy theory that clearly states the basic principles of needs in which food is being the primary source of energy. Various food programs and campaigns are also been run by the government targeting Zero hunger.

Government Schemes

Everything is incomplete without government support specially in India. So, the Indian government plays a crucial role in preventing the nationwide hunger. Proving some schemes and benefits to people below poverty line it helps them to give a stable living and makes sure that no one is left behind. Some of the well known schemes are given as follows:

National Food Security Act (NFSA):

  • Launched in 2013, the NFSA aims to provide subsidized food grains to nearly two-thirds of India’s population. Under this program, eligible households receive rice, wheat, and coarse grains at highly subsidized rates.

Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDM):

  • Launched in 1995, this program provides free lunches to schoolchildren in primary and upper primary classes in government and government-aided schools. It aims to improve nutritional levels among children and boost school attendance.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS):

  • Initiated in 1975, ICDS provides food, preschool education, and healthcare to children under six years of age and their mothers. It is one of the largest programs for early childhood development in the world.

Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY):

  • Launched in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, PMGKAY provides free food grains to around 80 crore beneficiaries under the NFSA. It was extended to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on food security. The scheme was available both centrally and state-wise, it means was given by CM’s of particular state as well as PM too.

About Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Not only Food and agriculture organization but there are some other organizations too that plays a vital role in preventing the global hunger and ensuring food safety and security. Some of them are mentioned below:

1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

  • Established: 1945
  • Headquarters: Rome, Italy
  • Mandate: The FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations, working to eliminate hunger, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. It supports countries in developing policies and practices to ensure food security and rural development.
  • Key Programs: FAO leads initiatives like the Global Soil Partnership and World Food Day, and provides technical assistance to countries on agricultural practices and natural resource management.

2. World Food Programme (WFP)

  • Established: 1961
  • Headquarters: Rome, Italy
  • Mandate: As the food assistance branch of the United Nations, WFP provides food aid in emergency situations and works to improve nutrition in impoverished regions. It focuses on saving lives during crises and promoting long-term food security.
  • Key Programs: WFP runs initiatives like School Meals Programs and Food Assistance for Assets that aim to tackle hunger and improve livelihoods.

3. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

  • Established: 1977
  • Headquarters: Rome, Italy
  • Mandate: IFAD is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works to reduce rural poverty, improve food security, and empower rural populations through financial investments in agriculture.
  • Key Programs: IFAD provides loans and grants to rural development projects, focusing on smallholder farmers and improving market access for rural populations.

4. World Bank Group (Agriculture and Food Global Practice)

  • Established: 1944
  • Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA
  • Mandate: The World Bank supports agricultural development, climate-smart agriculture, and food security through financial aid and technical assistance to developing countries.
  • Key Programs: Programs like Agricultural Productivity and Climate Change help countries enhance their agricultural resilience and productivity.

5. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

  • Established: 1975
  • Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA
  • Mandate: IFPRI provides research-based policy solutions to improve food security and reduce poverty in developing countries. It focuses on the impact of climate change, poverty, and agriculture on food systems.
  • Key Programs: IFPRI runs the Compact2025 initiative, which aims to end hunger and undernutrition by 2025.

6. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

  • Established: 1971
  • Headquarters: Montpellier, France
  • Mandate: CGIAR is a global partnership of agricultural research centers working to advance food security, alleviate poverty, and enhance nutrition through sustainable agricultural practices.
  • Key Programs: CGIAR focuses on innovations in crop breeding, water management, and agricultural sustainability through its various research centers.

Global Food Security Index

This is the index that gives the rankings to the countries, considering the factors and parameters they set. And on that basis they decide the ranking of the country. India ranks 68th out of 113 in global food security index. India being a diversified country is being left behind in the ranking as there are many people who are left under nourished and suffer malnutrition due to unavailability of necessary nutrients and balanced diet. Many campaigns and steps are taken for that also but it would take time to come up with the effective results.

What did Mohan Bhagwat say about the Hindus of Bangladesh?

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While addressing the annual Vijayadashami program at the RSS headquarters in Nagpur, Mohan Bhagwat said that what is happening in Bangladesh serves as a learning experience for Hindus in India.

Mohan Bhagwat said, “What happened in our neighboring Bangladesh might have some immediate reasons, which those concerned will discuss. However, the underlying issue is the repeated atrocities against Hindus.”

Click on the link below and you can see it.

Mohan Bhagwat: Key Facts

  1. Early Life and Education:
    • Born on September 11, 1950, in Chandrapur, Maharashtra.
    • Comes from a family deeply associated with the RSS; his father was an RSS leader and worked as the Prant Pracharak in Gujarat.
    • Studied veterinary sciences at the Government Veterinary College in Nagpur but later became a full-time RSS pracharak (activist).
  2. Career in RSS:
    • Bhagwat began his career as a pracharak in Maharashtra.
    • Served as the Akhil Bharatiya Sharirik Pramukh (in charge of physical training) and Akhil Bharatiya Pracharak Pramukh (in charge of pracharaks).
    • Appointed RSS chief in 2009, becoming one of the youngest leaders to hold the position.
  3. Role and Influence:
    • Under Bhagwat’s leadership, the RSS has expanded significantly and increased its influence over Indian politics, especially through its affiliates and connection with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
    • He emphasizes “Hindutva” and cultural nationalism, focusing on the unity of Hindus.
    • Advocates for social reforms, including the abolition of caste discrimination, and highlights self-reliance and economic nationalism.
  4. Notable Speeches and Positions:
    • He has publicly supported the revocation of Article 370 in Jammu & Kashmir and backed Ayodhya’s Ram Temple construction.
    • In recent years, he has called for greater dialogue among communities and highlighted the importance of social harmony.
    • In some instances, Bhagwat has promoted a more moderate stance, stating that Muslims and other minorities are part of India’s cultural fabric.

About RSS:

The RSS, founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, is a right-wing, volunteer-based organization. It primarily focuses on instilling patriotism, promoting Hindu values, and building community service networks.

  • Structure:
    RSS operates through shakhas (daily branches) across India, where members undergo physical training, learn ideology, and engage in social service activities.
  • Affiliates:
    It serves as the ideological parent of many organizations, including:
    • BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) – India’s ruling political party.
    • VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad) – involved in religious and social activities.
    • Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) – student wing.
  • Controversies:
    RSS has faced criticism for its majoritarian ideology and opposition to certain minority rights. However, it has also been recognized for its work in disaster relief and social reforms.